2000～2007年全球青年人吸烟调查
2009/07/30
目的：吸烟是慢性病死亡的一个重要原因。从全球青年人吸烟调查发现每年的吸烟率在成倍地增长（从每年的5亿人预计到2020年的10亿人），这可能是个保守的估计，因为成年女性和年轻女孩的吸烟人数也在增加。不吸烟人群的高易感性、二手烟的高暴露性和间接的吸烟广告效应也在增加。
方法：这篇报道包含了2000～2007年的调查情况，世界青年烟草情况调查的被调查者来自世界卫生组织140个国家、6个大洲和2个地理区的调查。一个是国家予以干预的地区，另一个是特殊的管理特殊的控制地区及一个联邦政府。这些地区报告给世界青年烟草情况调查的都是最新的数据。对于有多个调查地区的国家来说，也是提供的来自于首都或是最大城市的数据。世界青年烟草情况调查是建立在学校基础上的一项调查，包括城市、省、国家等和其他一些地域。世界青年烟草情况调查应用了标准化的方法，这个方法包括设计抽样框架、选择学校和班级、准备调查问卷、指导调查程序和处理数据。世界青年烟草情况调查标准抽样方法应用了一个两期的群体设计。这个两期群体是指抽取不同年级的学生样本及学生的年龄在13岁～15岁之间。每个抽样框架包括了所有的学校，这些学校符合有不同年级学生的特点。第一阶段：在特定的年级里，学生被入选的数目和学校被选择的概率在相对应的。第二阶段是抽样阶段，在选择学校里的选择班级是随机的。每个学生参加的调查都是适宜的调查对象。参与的学生是自愿并且是匿名的。世界青年烟草情况调查经过了独立的、横断面的研究，这在每一个调查地点都有代表性的研究。
结论：国家之间在烟草控制法律上的协作、规范和决定批准WHO在烟草控制上的框架条约、指导GYTS提供一套单独可行的方案去完善执行一套综合的烟草控制政策，对每一个国家都是非常适用的。面向每一个国家的挑战是发展、补充和评估一套烟草控制项目，并在必要的时候做出适时的调整。
方法：这篇报道包含了2000～2007年的调查情况，世界青年烟草情况调查的被调查者来自世界卫生组织140个国家、6个大洲和2个地理区的调查。一个是国家予以干预的地区，另一个是特殊的管理特殊的控制地区及一个联邦政府。这些地区报告给世界青年烟草情况调查的都是最新的数据。对于有多个调查地区的国家来说，也是提供的来自于首都或是最大城市的数据。世界青年烟草情况调查是建立在学校基础上的一项调查，包括城市、省、国家等和其他一些地域。世界青年烟草情况调查应用了标准化的方法，这个方法包括设计抽样框架、选择学校和班级、准备调查问卷、指导调查程序和处理数据。世界青年烟草情况调查标准抽样方法应用了一个两期的群体设计。这个两期群体是指抽取不同年级的学生样本及学生的年龄在13岁～15岁之间。每个抽样框架包括了所有的学校，这些学校符合有不同年级学生的特点。第一阶段：在特定的年级里，学生被入选的数目和学校被选择的概率在相对应的。第二阶段是抽样阶段，在选择学校里的选择班级是随机的。每个学生参加的调查都是适宜的调查对象。参与的学生是自愿并且是匿名的。世界青年烟草情况调查经过了独立的、横断面的研究，这在每一个调查地点都有代表性的研究。
结论：国家之间在烟草控制法律上的协作、规范和决定批准WHO在烟草控制上的框架条约、指导GYTS提供一套单独可行的方案去完善执行一套综合的烟草控制政策，对每一个国家都是非常适用的。面向每一个国家的挑战是发展、补充和评估一套烟草控制项目，并在必要的时候做出适时的调整。
（孙力超编译 刘国梁审校）
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Jan 25;57(1):1-28
Global youth tobacco surveillance, 2000-2007.
Warren CW, Jones NR, Peruga A, Chauvin J, Baptiste JP, Costa de Silva V, el Awa F, Tsouros A, Rahman K, Fishburn B, Bettcher DW, Asma S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. wcw1@cdc.gov
MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008 Jan 25;57(1):1-28
PROBLEM: Tobacco use is a major contributor to deaths from chronic diseases. The findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) suggest that the estimate of a doubling of deaths from smoking (from 5 million per year to approximately 10 million per year by 2020) might be an underestimate because of the increase in smoking among young girls compared with adult females, the high susceptibility of smoking among never smokers, high levels of exposure to secondhand smoke, and protobacco indirect advertising.
REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This report includes GYTS data collected during 2000-2007 from 140 World Health Organization (WHO) member states, six territories (American Samoa, British Virgin Islands, Guam, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), two geographic regions (Gaza Strip and West Bank), one United Nations administered province (Kosovo), one special administrative region (Macau), and one Commonwealth (Northern Mariana Islands). For countries that have repeated GYTS, only the most recent data are included. For countries with multiple survey sites, only data from the capital or largest city are presented.
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: GYTS is a school-based survey of a defined geographic site that can be a country, a province, a city, or any other geographic entity. GYTS uses a standardized methodology for constructing sampling frames, selecting schools and classes, preparing questionnaires, conducting field procedures, and processing data. GYTS standard sampling methodology uses a two-stage cluster sample design that produces samples of students in grades associated with students aged 13-15 years. Each sampling frame includes all schools (usually public and private) in a geographically defined area containing any of the identified grades. In the first stage, the probability of schools being selected is proportional to the number of students enrolled in the specified grades. In the second sampling stage, classes within the selected schools are selected randomly. All students in selected classes attending school the day the survey is administered are eligible to participate. Student participation is voluntary and anonymous using self-administered data collection procedures. The GYTS sample design produces independent, cross-sectional estimates that are representative of each site.
RESULTS: The findings in this report indicate that the level of cigarette smoking between boys and girls is similar in many sites; the prevalence of cigarette smoking and use of other tobacco products is similar; and susceptibility to initiate smoking among never smokers is similar among boys and girls and is higher than cigarette smoking in the majority of sites. Approximately half of the students reported that they were exposed to secondhand smoke in public places during the week preceding the survey. Approximately eight in 10 favor a ban on smoking in public places. Approximately two in 10 students own an object with a cigarette brand logo on it, and one in 10 students have been offered free cigarettes by a tobacco company representative. Approximately seven in 10 students who smoke reported that they wanted to stop smoking. Approximately seven in 10 students who smoked were not refused purchase of cigarettes from a store during the month preceding the survey. Finally, approximately six in 10 students reported having been taught in school about the harmful effects of smoking during the year preceding the survey.
INTERPRETATION: The findings in this report suggest that interventions that decrease tobacco use among youth (e.g., increasing excise taxes, media campaigns, school programs in conjunction with community interventions, and community interventions that decrease minors’ access to tobacco) must be broad-based, focused on boys and girls, and have components directed toward prevention and cessation. If effective programs are not developed and implemented soon, future morbidity and mortality attributed to tobacco probably will increase.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: The synergy between countries in passing tobacco-control laws, regulations, or decrees; ratifying the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; and conducting GYTS offers a unique opportunity to develop, implement, and evaluate comprehensive tobacco-control policy that can be helpful to each country. The challenge for each country is to develop, implement, and evaluate a tobacco-control program and make changes where necessary.
PMID: 18219269 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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2007年美国成年人吸烟情况
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双亲出生的地区，社会经济地位和婴儿暴露于二手烟
