非处方药(OTC)治疗咳嗽作为儿童和成人急性肺炎时抗生素治疗的辅助
2012/04/06
背景:咳嗽是肺炎患者常见的症状。因此,这些患者常常采用非处方药(粘液溶解剂或咳嗽抑制剂)治疗咳嗽。这样能缓解咳嗽严重程度,但对咳嗽抑制的同时也抑制了气道对粘液的清除,产生不良影响。
目的:评价成人和儿童肺炎时非处方药治疗咳嗽作为抗生素治疗一个辅助治疗的疗效。
检索方法:对Cochrane中心注册的对照试验(CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 3;包括急性呼吸道感染组专题注册)、MEDLINE(1996年1月~2011年7月4日)、OLDMEDLINE(1950~1965)、EMBASE(1980~2011年8月)、CINAHL(2009~2011年8月)、LILACS(2009~2011年8月)和科学网(2009~2011年8月)进行检索。
选择标准:在儿童和成人中进行的随机对照试验(RCTs),比较任何咳嗽治疗的非处方药与安慰剂或对照药物,咳嗽作为主要的转归,咳嗽继发于急性肺炎。
数据收集和分析:单独对各研究进行分析并入选。从入选研究中提取数据,基于数据评价研究方法的质量,并采用标准方法进行分析。
主要结果:4项研究的224名参与者入选。一项研究的研究对象仅为儿童,3项研究为青少年或成人。1项研究采用镇咳药,但没有有关肺炎特异性数据,其他3项研究中采用的粘液溶解剂为溴己新、氨溴索和奈替克新,其中只有2项研究有可以提取的数据。研究显示,采用粘液溶解剂后,主要的转归为“没有治愈或没有改善”。次要转归“没有治愈”下降(儿童OR:0.36, 95% CI:0.16~0.77;起效的必须治疗数[NNTB]在第10天为5[95% CI 3~16];成人OR:0.32,95% CI 0.13~0.75,NNTB在第10天为5[95% CI 3~19])。对成人和儿童数据联合的事后分析显示,虽然粘液溶解剂能减少没有治愈的次要转归(OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.19~0.60; NNTB 4, 95% CI 3~8),但没有治愈或没有改善的主要转归没有显著差异(OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.40~1.80)。
作者结论:有关非处方药治疗急性肺炎相关咳嗽是否有益,目前尚无足够的证据来做出结论。粘液溶解剂可能有益,但因为证据不足,不能推荐其作为急性肺炎的一个辅助治疗。理论上认为,含可待因和抗组胺制剂的非处方药不应该用于年幼儿童。
(陈欣 审校)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;2:CD006088.
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and adults.
Chang CC, Cheng AC, Chang AB.
Source
Infectious Diseases Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria, Australia, 3181.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cough is often distressing for patients with pneumonia. Accordingly they often use over-the-counter (OTC) cough medications (mucolytics or cough suppressants). These might provide relief in reducing cough severity, but suppression of the cough mechanism might impede airway clearance and cause harm.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of OTC cough medications as an adjunct to antibiotics in children and adults with pneumonia.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 3) which contains the Acute Respiratory Infections Group’s Specialised Register, MEDLINE (January 1966 to July week 4, 2011), OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965), EMBASE (1980 to August 2011), CINAHL (2009 to August 2011), LILACS (2009 to August 2011) and Web of Science (2009 to August 2011).
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in children and adults comparing any type of OTC cough medication with placebo, or control medication, with cough as an outcome and where the cough is secondary to acute pneumonia.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We independently selected trials for inclusion. We extracted data from these studies, assessed them for methodological quality without disagreement and analyzed using standard methods.
MAIN RESULTS: Four studies with a total of 224 participants were included; one was performed exclusively in children and three in adolescents or adults. One using an antitussive had no extractable pneumonia-specific data. Three different mucolytics (bromhexine, ambroxol, neltenexine) were used in the remaining studies, of which only two had extractable data. They demonstrated no significant difference for the primary outcome of ’not cured or not improved’ for mucolytics. A secondary outcome of ’not cured’ was reduced (odds ratio (OR) for children 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 0.77; number needed to treat to benefit (NNTB) at day 10 = 5 (95% CI 3 to 16) and OR 0.32 for adults (95% CI 0.13 to 0.75); NNTB at day 10 = 5 (95% CI 3 to 19). In a post hoc analysis combining data for children and adults, again there was no difference in the primary outcome of ’not cured or not improved’ (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.80) although mucolytics reduced the secondary outcome ’not cured’ (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.60; NNTB 4, 95% CI 3 to 8).
AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to decide whether OTC medications for cough associated with acute pneumonia are beneficial. Mucolytics may be beneficial but there is insufficient evidence to recommend them as an adjunctive treatment for acute pneumonia. This leaves only theoretical recommendations that OTC medications containing codeine and antihistamines should not be used in young children.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;2:CD006088.
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地氟醚或七氟醚麻醉复苏过程中,采用瑞芬太尼预防咳嗽时的效应部位最佳浓度
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儿童咳嗽的观察性研究:流行病学、对睡眠质量的影响和治疗转归