开发新型哮喘药物的难度越来越大
2011/08/31
摘要
哮喘的患病率仍然在持续上升。当前的药物治疗能在一定程度上缓解哮喘症状,但并不是对所有患者都有效。尽管存在开发新的治疗措施的临床需求,而且也进行了大量的研究,但是在过去30年内仅有两类药物中的四种新药被批准用于哮喘治疗,即抗白三烯制剂和抗IgE抗体。本综述强调了在哮喘新药开发中的3个主要问题。第一个问题是过分依赖于过敏症动物模型来确定治疗靶点和治疗的疗效,这些研究结果很难向临床转化。虽然对特殊的吸入性过敏原致敏是哮喘的一个关键危险因素,但是特应性并不等同于哮喘。仅有约一半的成人哮喘患者为特应性患者,因此,过敏性哮喘患者的发病率可能<50%。第二个问题是基础研究的方向和临床研究的方向脱节。基础研究显示,哮喘的根源是抗原诱导的、Th2细胞介导的气道炎症。该机制很具体、很简单,而且高度一致。相反,临床研究开始鉴别不同的哮喘表现型,不同表现型的哮喘在细胞组成、介质和对药物敏感性上也存在着差异,而且这些哮喘表型在潜在致病因素方面,包括易感基因,也可能存在差异。最后,哮喘的不同特征,如支气管收缩、症状和恶化,对治疗的反应也不一致。那些在动物实验中未观察到的效果,在本质上也不会导致哮喘发生,但常常采用的是未经验证的替代标志物。基础研究需要更好的整合和利用临床研究的结果,以增强其在药物开发中的作用。
(陈欣 审校)
Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
The increasing challenge of discovering asthma drugs.
Mullane K.
Source
Profectus Pharma Consulting Inc, 1176 Clark Way, San Jose, CA 95125, USA.
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma continues to rise. Current drugs provide symptomatic relief to some, but not all, patients. Despite the need for new therapeutics, and a huge research effort, only four novel agents from two classes of drugs - the antileukotrienes and an anti-IgE antibody - have been approved in the last 30 years. This review highlights three particular issues that contribute to the challenge of identifying new therapeutics. First is an over-reliance on animal models of allergy to define targets and expectations of efficacy that has met with poor translation to the clinical setting. While sensitivity to particular aeroallergens is one key risk factor for asthma, atopy and asthma are not synonymous, and while about half of adult asthmatics are atopic the incidence of allergic asthma is probably <50%. The second issue is a fundamental disconnect between the directions of basic research and clinical research. Basic research has developed a detailed, reductive, unifying mechanism of antigen-induced, T helper type 2 cell-mediated airway inflammation as the root cause of asthma. In contrast, clinical research has started to identify multiple asthma phenotypes with differing cellular components, mediators and sensitivities to asthma drugs, and probably varying underlying factors including susceptibility genes. Finally, different features of asthma - bronchoconstriction, symptoms, and exacerbations - respond diversely to treatment; effects that are not captured in animal models which do not develop asthma per se, but utilize unvalidated surrogate markers. Basic research needs to better integrate and utilize the clinical research findings to improve its relevance to drug discovery efforts。
Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
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糠酸莫米松吸入对生长速度和肾上腺功能的影响:4~9岁轻度持续性哮喘患儿安慰剂-对照试验
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在遗传易感儿童中预防哮喘:针对临床实践中的可行性进行的多方位干预试验