ADHD吸烟者的戒烟症状更为严重,但与ADHD症状变化无关:来自12天应急戒烟试验的结果
2011/07/06
摘要
前言:存在注意力不足/过度活跃症(ADHD)的吸烟者,其戒烟的困难程度要高于非ADHD吸烟者,但初步数据显示(McClernon, Kollins, Lutz, Fitzgerald, Murray, Redman, et al., 2008),两者短期戒烟后的症状类似。本试验在ADHD和非ADHD成人中研究即刻戒烟对自我主诉的戒烟症状和ADHD症状的影响。
方法:40名成人(50%女性)、未寻求戒烟的、中度至重度ADHA和非ADHD吸烟者入选此项为期12天的研究,通过经济刺激,来维持生物学证实的戒烟。检测戒烟前后自我主诉的戒烟、情绪、ADHD症状。
结果:ADHD和对照者在吸烟状态和人口统计学指标上无显著差异。在一系列戒烟症状上,组×阶段之间存在明显交叉关系,表现为ADHD吸烟者的戒烟症状更为严重,特别是在戒烟的前5天内。此外,在强烈欲望、躯体症状、负面情绪和习惯改变上也观察到组×性别×阶段之间的相互关系。这些相互关系受更严重的ADHD女性戒烟症状的驱动。对于ADHD症状量表,未观察到组×阶段之间的相互作用。
结论:研究结果显示,ADHD吸烟者,特别是ADHD女性,其戒烟症状更为严重,早期戒烟对ADHD症状无影响。虽然有必要深入研究其机制,我们研究显示,针对ADHD吸烟者的戒烟干预,需要了解这些吸烟者在戒烟后会出现更为严重的戒烟症状。
(林江涛 审校)
Nicotine Tob Res. 2011 May 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Smoking Withdrawal Symptoms Are More Severe Among Smokers With ADHD and Independent of ADHD Symptom Change: Results From a 12-Day Contingency-Managed Abstinence Trial.
McClernon FJ, Van Voorhees EE, English J, Hallyburton M, Holdaway A, Kollins SH.
Source
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2701, Durham, NC 27708, USA. mccle011@mc.duke.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Smokers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have greater difficulty quitting than those without ADHD, but preliminary data (McClernon, Kollins, Lutz, Fitzgerald, Murray, Redman, et al., 2008) suggest equivalent severity of withdrawal symptoms following brief abstinence. The objective of this study was to characterize the differential effects of intermediate term smoking abstinence on self-reported withdrawal and ADHD symptoms in adult smokers with and without ADHD.
METHODS: Forty adult (50% female), nontreatment seeking moderate-to-heavy smokers with and without ADHD were enrolled in a 12-day quit study in which monetary incentives were provided for maintaining biologically verified abstinence. Self-reported withdrawal, mood, and ADHD symptoms were measured pre- and post-quitting.
RESULTS: ADHD and controls did not vary on smoking or demographic variables. Significant Group × Session interactions were observed across a broad range of withdrawal symptoms and were generally characterized by greater withdrawal severity among ADHD smokers, particularly during the first 5 days of abstinence. In addition, Group × Sex × Session interactions were observed for craving, somatic symptoms, negative affect, and habit withdrawal; these interactions were driven by greater withdrawal severity among females with ADHD. Group × Session interactions were not observed for ADHD symptom scales.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that smokers with ADHD, and ADHD females in particular, experience greater withdrawal severity during early abstinence-independent of effects on ADHD symptoms. Whereas additional research is needed to pinpoint mechanisms, our findings suggest that smoking cessation interventions targeted at smokers with ADHD should address their more severe withdrawal symptoms following quitting.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2011 May 12. [Epub ahead of print]