尼古丁替代治疗、伐尼克兰和安非他酮是否是孕妇戒烟的选择?对子代呼吸系统的影响
2009/10/15
尼古丁存在于烟草烟雾中,是一种成瘾性物质,被医学专业人士处方用作辅助戒烟。尼古丁在吸烟者的肺部会被快速吸收,也能通过胎盘,在发育的胎儿体内集聚。尼古丁能诱导氧自由基的形成,同时降低肺的抗氧化能力。尼古丁及氧化物能导致DNA分子发生点突变,从而改变控制正常肺发育和维持正常肺结构的过程。现有的数据表明,母亲尼古丁暴露会导致糖酵解过程的持久抑制和显著升高AMP水平。暴露于尼古丁环境的母亲通过胎盘和母乳喂养引起的上述代谢变化被认为会导致后代肺组织的快速老化。动物实验显示,出现上述变化的动物肺脏易受损伤,表现为肺实质逐渐衰退。通过胎盘和母乳暴露于尼古丁的动物,在肺部发育阶段(表现为细胞快速分裂)其肺部会出现代谢加速和组织老化现象,这可能是由于尼古丁引起的“程序改变”。伐尼克兰作为尼古丁的部分激动剂,其结构与尼古丁类似,同样与乙酰胆碱受体结合,可与尼古丁产生竞争(作用与尼古丁大体相同)。因此孕期和哺乳期不建议使用尼古丁或伐尼克兰。而且,也不提倡使用单个维生素补充剂,因为这有可能对控制维持肺脏结构和功能完整性以及老化的过程产生负面影响。孕期更为合适的戒烟计划尚需包括各种抗氧化营养成分,如番茄汁。
(刘国梁 审校)
Maritz GS.Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2009 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Are nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline or bupropion options for pregnant mothers to quit smoking? Effects on the respiratory system of the offspring.
Maritz GS.
Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
Nicotine occurs in tobacco smoke. It is a habit-forming substance and is prescribed by health professionals to assist smokers to quit smoking. It is rapidly absorbed from the lungs of smokers. It crosses the placenta and accumulates in the developing fetus. Nicotine induces formation of oxygen radicals and at the same time also reduces the antioxidant capacity of the lungs. Nicotine and the oxidants cause point mutations in the DNA molecule thereby changing the program that controls lung growth and maintenance of lung structure. The data available indicate that maternal nicotine exposure induces a persistent inhibition of glycolysis and a drastically increased AMP level. These metabolic changes are thought to contribute to the faster aging of the lungs of the offspring of mothers that are exposed to nicotine via the placenta and mother’s milk. The lungs of these animals are more susceptible to damage as shown by the gradual deterioration of the lung parenchyma. The rapid metabolic and structural aging of the lungs of the animals exposed to nicotine via the placenta and mother’s milk, and thus during phases of lung development characterized by rapid cell division, is likely due to ’programming’ induced by nicotine. Since varenicline, a partial nicotine agonist, has basically the same structure as nicotine, and also binds to acetylcholine receptors in competition with nicotine (but with largely the same effect), it is not advisable to use nicotine or varenicline during gestation and lactation. Furthermore, the use of individual vitamin supplements is also not advisable because of the negative impact on the program that controls maintenance of lung structural and functional integrity and aging. A more appropriate smoking cessation program will also include a mixture of antioxidant nutrients such as in tomato juice.
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伐尼克兰能减弱静脉注射尼古丁对人体产生的某些主观及生理学的影响
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酒精治疗期间戒烟:联合使用尼古丁贴剂和尼古丁口香糖的随机试验