Dupilumab与Omalizumab治疗慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉合并哮喘的直接比较 ——来自EVEREST头对头试验的
2025/11/21
方法:EVEREST是一项国际性、随机、双盲、4期试验,在17个国家的100家医院或临床中心进行。入选的研究中心需设有耳鼻喉科、呼吸内科、过敏科和免疫科;既往需进行过双盲研究;并且必须配备鼻内窥镜和心电图机。符合条件的患者年龄在18岁或以上,患有严重未控制的CRSwNP(鼻息肉评分≥5分 [且每个鼻孔≥2分]),在筛选前至少有8周的鼻塞和嗅觉丧失症状,并且经医生诊断为哮喘。患者被随机分配(1:1)至以下两组,持续24周,并联合使用背景治疗药物糠酸莫米松鼻喷雾剂:皮下注射Dupilumab 300 mg每2周一次,或根据体重和IgE水平调整剂量的Omalizumab每2周或4周一次。患者和研究调查者对研究药物设盲。主要终点是第24周时鼻内窥镜鼻息肉评分和宾夕法尼亚大学嗅觉识别测试(UPSIT)评分相对于基线的变化。疗效在意向性治疗人群中进行分析,安全性在接受至少一剂研究药物治疗的患者中进行分析。该试验已在ClinicalTrials.gov注册,编号为NCT04998604。
结果: 在2021年9月27日至2024年12月27日期间,共筛查了819名受试者,排除了459名(最常见的筛选失败原因包括:167名不符合鼻息肉评分≥5分或没有持续的鼻塞和嗅觉丧失症状,114名不符合支气管扩张剂前FEV1 ≤85%预计正常值,以及99名不符合Omalizumab药物剂量资格要求),最终360名参与者被随机分配(181名分配至Dupilumab组,179名分配至Omalizumab组)。在360名参与者中,198名(55%)为男性,162名(45%)为女性,总人群的平均年龄为52岁(标准差13.1)。在第24周时,Dupilumab组在所有主要和次要疗效终点上的改善均显著优于Omalizumab组。Dupilumab相较于Omalizumab从基线变化的最小二乘均值差为:鼻息肉评分 -1.60(95%置信区间 -1.96 至 -1.25;p<0.0001),UPSIT评分 8.0(6.3 至 9.7;p<0.0001)。Dupilumab组179名参与者中有115名(64%),Omalizumab组173名参与者中有116名(67%)报告了治疗中出现的不良事件,最常见的是鼻咽炎、意外用药过量、头痛、上呼吸道感染和咳嗽。研究中无死亡事件报告。
结论:在患有严重CRSwNP合并哮喘的患者中,Dupilumab的疗效优于Omalizumab。支持Dupilumab在2型呼吸系统疾病患者中相较于一种活性生物制剂对照药的疗效,确认了Dupilumab和Omalizumab已知的安全性特征,并可能有助于在临床实践中为CRSwNP和哮喘患者实现更好的靶向治疗。
讨论与思考
1.头对头比较的价值与意义:
既往生物制剂疗效多依赖各自与安慰剂对照的研究,虽然都显示出显著疗效,但无法直接判断孰优孰劣。EVEREST试验提供了直接的、高等级的证据,表明在主要终点(鼻息肉评分和嗅觉)和全部次要终点(包括哮喘终点指标)上,Dupilumab的改善程度显著大于Omalizumab。这为临床决策提供了更清晰的依据。
2.疗效差异的病理生理学基础:
结果的差异可以从药物的作用机制上得到解释。Omalizumab通过结合并中和IgE,主要作用于过敏反应环节,对IgE介导的速发型反应和后续炎症有抑制作用。
Dupilumab则直接阻断IL-4和IL-13这两个2型炎症的核心信号通路。IL-4和IL-13在CRSwNP和哮喘的发病机制中扮演着更为核心和广泛的作用,包括促进B细胞产生IgE(这也是Omalizumab的靶点)、嗜酸性粒细胞募集、黏液高分泌、上皮屏障功能破坏等。因此,阻断IL-4/IL-13理论上可以从更根本的层面抑制2型炎症网络。EVEREST的结果也支持上下气道相互关联的统一气道疾病模型。
3.患者群体的考量:
试验纳入的是“严重未控制CRSwNP”且“合并哮喘”的患者。这是一个典型的“2型炎症共病”群体,也是生物制剂治疗的核心目标人群。
值得注意的是,试验排除了支气管扩张剂前FEV1 >85%预计值的患者,这意味着纳入的患者存在一定程度的基线气流受限,更贴近现实中需要积极干预的严重哮喘合并CRSwNP的患者群体。这使得研究结果具有很高的外推性。
4.临床实践的启示:
对于以严重鼻息肉和嗅觉丧失为主要困扰的共病患者,EVEREST结果强烈支持优先考虑使用Dupilumab,因为其在鼻部客观体征和主观嗅觉改善方面的优势非常显著(疗效差异在第2-4周即显现,且持续至24周时鼻息肉评分改善多1.6分,UPSIT改善多8分,均具有高度统计学意义和临床意义)。
5.哮喘表型的考量:
虽然试验未预设亚组分析特定哮喘表型(如过敏性vs.非过敏性),但从机制上推测,对于以嗜酸性粒细胞炎症为主、IgE水平不高或非明确过敏原驱动的哮喘患者,Dupilumab可能更具优势。而对于明确由特定过敏原驱动、IgE水平显著升高的过敏性哮喘患者,Omalizumab依然是一个有效选项。
6.治疗决策的个体化:
尽管Dupilumab显示出总体优效性,但这并不意味着Omalizumab失去了价值。临床决策仍需个体化,需综合考虑:患者的过敏状态和IgE水平、以鼻部症状还是哮喘症状为主、药物的可及性(医保政策)、患者的偏好、以及潜在的不良反应谱。
7.安全性:
两组的安全性特征与已知情况一致,未发现新的安全信号。不良事件发生率相似,且大多为轻中度。这证实了这两种生物制剂在目标人群中的长期应用总体上是安全的。
8.未解问题与未来方向:
(1)长期疗效与安全性:24周的观察期相对较短,需要更长期的(如1~2年)头对头比较数据将更具价值。
(2)扩展头对头比较:随着Mepolizumab等新生物制剂获批,未来需要将Dupilumab与Mepolizumab等进行头对头比较。
(3)生物标志物的预测作用:未来研究应探索能否通过基线生物标志物(如血嗜酸性粒细胞计数、总IgE、骨膜蛋白水平)更精准地预测哪种患者对哪种药物反应最佳,实现真正的精准医疗。
(4)成本效益分析:在医疗资源有限的背景下,进行头对头的药物经济学评价至关重要。
总结:
EVEREST试验为2型炎症共病(严重CRSwNP与哮喘)的治疗提供了高质量的直接比较证据。作为临床医生,我们应将这些证据与患者的个体情况相结合,进行审慎的、共享决策式的治疗选择。
De Corso E, Canonica GW, Heffler E, et al,Dupilumab versus omalizumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and coexisting asthma (EVEREST): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, head-to-head phase 4 trial Lancet Respir Med. 2025 Sep 28:S2213-2600(25)00287-5.
Abstract
Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is predominantly driven by type 2 inflammation. The biologics dupilumab and omalizumab, which target drivers and mediators of type 2 inflammation (interleukin [IL]-4/IL-13 signaling and immunoglobulin E [IgE], respectively), are efficacious in treating CRSwNP but direct comparisons are few. In EVEREST (EValuating trEatment RESponses of dupilumab versus omalizumab), the first head-to-head trial in respiratory biologics, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of dupilumab and omalizumab in patients with severe CRSwNP who had mild, moderate, or severe asthma.
Methods: EVEREST was an international, randomised, double-blind, phase 4 trial, conducted at 100 hospitals or clinical centres in 17 countries. Sites were selected with otolaryngology, pneumologist, allergist, and immunologist practices; needed to have previously conducted double-blind studies; and were required have nasal endoscopy and electrocardiogram machines. Eligible patients aged 18 years or older with severe uncontrolled CRSwNP (with a nasal polyp score of 5 or more [and ≥2 for each nostril]), symptoms of nasal congestion and loss of smell for at least 8 weeks before screening, and physician-diagnosed asthma. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to subcutaneous dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks or omalizumab weight-tiered and IgE-tiered dosing every 2 weeks or 4 weeks for 24 weeks, with background mometasone furoate nasal spray. Patients and investigators were masked to the study drugs. Primary endpoints were change from baseline in endoscopic nasal polyp score and University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) at 24 weeks. Efficacy was assessed in the intention-to-treat population and safety was assessed in patients who received at least one dose of study medication. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04998604.
Findings: Between Sept 27, 2021, and Dec 27, 2024, 819 individuals were screened for study inclusion, 459 were excluded (most common screen failures were: 167 did not meet nasal polyp score ≥5 or did not have ongoing symptoms of nasal congestion and loss of smell, 114 did not meet pre-bronchodilator FEV1 ≤85% predicted normal, and 99 did not meet eligibility as per omalizumab drug-dosing), and 360 participants were randomly assigned (181 assigned to the dupilumab group and 179 assigned to the omalizumab group). Of the 360 participants, 198 (55%) participants were male, 162 (45%) were female, and the mean age of the total population sample was 52 years (SD 13·1). Improvements were significantly greater with dupilumab than omalizumab for all primary and secondary efficacy endpoints at week 24. Least squares mean differences in change from baseline dupilumab over omalizumab were: nasal polyp score -1·60 (95% CI -1·96 to -1·25; p<0·0001) and UPSIT 8·0 (6·3 to 9·7; p<0·0001). 115 (64%) of 179 participants in the dupilumab group and 116 (67%) of 173 participants in the omalizumab group reported treatment-emergent adverse events, the most common of which were nasopharyngitis, accidental overdose, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, and cough. There were no deaths in the study.
Interpretation: Dupilumab was superior to omalizumab in patients with severe CRSwNP and coexisting asthma. These findings support the efficacy of dupilumab in patients with type 2 respiratory diseases versus an active biologic comparator, the known safety profiles of dupilumab and omalizumab, and could enable better treatment targeting for patients with CRSwNP and asthma in clinical practice.
Funding: Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.
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