农场效应,或者农场环境对哮喘和过敏性疾病的保护作用
2012/10/11
摘要
综述目的:多项研究显示,在传统奶牛场长大的儿童,哮喘和特应性的患病率较低。本文讨论农场保护作用的时间效应、农场环境中与保护作用相关的成分以及农场环境对哮喘和特应性保护的新机制。
近期发现:胎儿和生命早期即暴露于农场环境对哮喘和过敏症的保护作用最强,该保护作用能持续到成人期。仅三种暴露(与奶牛和稻草接触、使用未经加工的牛乳)与农场对哮喘(而非特应性)的保护作用相关。Whey蛋白对于农场保护作用至关重要,而农场环境中微生物多样性与哮喘成负相关,但与特应性的相关性较弱。因此,有可能农场环境对哮喘和特应性的保护作用机制不一致。微生物多样性的生物重要性尚不清楚,但诸多证据显示,农场环境对哮喘和过敏症的保护作用与免疫反应和微生物相关。采用小鼠模型进行的研究发现了新的细胞和分子机制,通过这些机制,微生物可调节免疫反应和过敏性炎症,从而诱导农场的保护作用。相反,宿主的遗传背景在其中的作用了解较少。
总结:微生物多样性在农场环境暴露对哮喘和过敏症保护作用中的重要性还需进行基因组学研究,来纵向研究微生物、基因组和农场人员免疫系统以及生活的农场。
(刘国梁 审校)
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
The farm effect, or: when, what and how a farming environment protects from asthma and allergic disease.
Wlasiuk G, Vercelli D.
Source
aArizona Respiratory Center bArizona Center for the Biology of Complex Diseases cDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine dBIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Multiple studies have shown that the prevalence of asthma and atopy is reduced in children raised on traditional dairy farms. This article discusses the temporal constraints for the protective farm effect, the components of a farming environment that are associated with protection, and novel mechanisms that may underlie protection from asthma and atopy in farming populations.
RECENT FINDINGS: Protection from asthma and allergy is strongest when exposure occurs in utero or early in life, but the protective effects can persist into adulthood. Just three exposures (contact with cows and straw and consumption of unprocessed cow’s milk) account for virtually all the protective farm effect for asthma but not atopy. Whey proteins appear to be critical for the protective effects of farm milk, whereas the high microbial diversity existing in a farm environment is strongly and inversely associated with asthma, but only weakly associated with atopy. Therefore, distinct mechanisms are likely to mediate protection from asthma and atopy. The biological significance of microbial diversity is still unclear, but multiple lines of evidence link the asthma-protective and allergy-protective effects of farming to immune responses and the microbiome. Work in mouse models is revealing novel cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the microbiota may modulate immune responses and allergic inflammation, and thus contribute to the farm effect. The role of the host’s genetic makeup, on the contrary, remains poorly understood.
SUMMARY: The discovery of the central role played by microbial diversity in the asthma-protective and allergy-protective effects of farming warrants metagenomic studies that concertedly and longitudinally investigate the microbiome, the genome, and the immune system of farmers and the farms they live on.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
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晚期糖基化终末产物受体是哮喘致病的重要介质
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