间歇性吸烟者的烟草依赖
2012/07/05
摘要
前言：间歇性吸烟者（ITS）的群体人数在整个烟民中逐渐增加，但有关ITS是否存在烟草依赖及其烟草依赖程度尚不清楚。
方法：217名ITS入选本研究，70名ITS白天从不吸烟[NITS]，138名白天和夜间轮替吸烟[CITS]，9名ITS未知。这些ITS每个月吸烟4～27天。此外，197名日间吸烟者（DS）同时入选本研究。参与者完成有关烟草依赖的问卷调查（醒来后至首次吸烟的时间、尼古丁依赖的Fagerström测试[FTND]、尼古丁依赖综合症评分量表[NDSS]、Wisconsin吸烟依赖动机调查[WISDM]和尼古丁依赖列表[HONC]），采用生态瞬时评估量表连续3周实时记录每支烟。采用Logistic回归评价各组（DS vs. ITS; CITS vs. NITS）间烟草依赖程度，采用最小二乘回归分析ITS的烟草依赖和吸烟行为（每天平均和最大吸烟量；吸烟天数百分数；最长的戒断时间）。
结果：正如预测，DS的烟草依赖程度强于ITS：FTND、NDSS和WISDM能鉴别ITS和DS，准确性>90%。与此类似，ITS中，NITS的烟草依赖程度低于CITS。ITS中，烟草依赖与观察到的吸烟率和戒断时间相关。
结论：本研究证实，DS的烟草依赖程度强于ITS，CITS的烟草依赖程度强于NITS。重要的是，ITS有烟草依赖的表现，而且ITS中烟草依赖也存在着差异，表明烟草依赖的某些方面在不经常吸烟的吸烟者中也存在。未来有必要研究ITS是否可能进展为日间吸烟者或者戒断。
（陈欣 审校）
Nicotine Tob Res. 2012 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Tobacco Dependence Among Intermittent Smokers.
Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Dunbar MS, Scholl SM.
Source
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Avenue, Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. shiffman@pitt.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Intermittent smokers (ITS) are an increasingly prevalent segment of smokers, yet it is unknown whether or how dependence severity may vary across ITS.
METHODS: Participants were 217 ITS (70 never daily ITS [NITS], 138 converted ITS [CITS], and 9 unknown), who smoked 4-27 days per month, and 197 daily smokers (DS), recruited for a study on smoking patterns. Participants completed questionnaires on dependence (time to first cigarette after waking, Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence [FTND], Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale [NDSS], Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives [WISDM], and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist [HONC]) and recorded each cigarette in real time over 3 weeks using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Logistic regression assessed differences in dependence between groups (DS vs. ITS; CITS vs. NITS), and least squares regression examined associations between dependence and smoking behavior (mean, maximum cigarettes per day; proportion of days smoked; longest period of abstinence) within ITS.
RESULTS: As expected, DS were significantly more dependent than ITS: FTND, NDSS, and WISDM discriminated between ITS and DS with greater than 90% accuracy. Similarly, among ITS, NITS demonstrated lower dependence than CITS. Within ITS, dependence measures also correlated with observed smoking rate and duration of abstinence.
CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that DS are more dependent than ITS and that CITS are more dependent than NITS. Importantly, ITS exhibit features of dependence, and there is meaningful variation in dependence within ITS, suggesting that some aspects of dependence may appear with very infrequent smoking. Future work should examine implications for ITS’ potential progression to daily smoking and cessation outcome.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2012 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
前言：间歇性吸烟者（ITS）的群体人数在整个烟民中逐渐增加，但有关ITS是否存在烟草依赖及其烟草依赖程度尚不清楚。
方法：217名ITS入选本研究，70名ITS白天从不吸烟[NITS]，138名白天和夜间轮替吸烟[CITS]，9名ITS未知。这些ITS每个月吸烟4～27天。此外，197名日间吸烟者（DS）同时入选本研究。参与者完成有关烟草依赖的问卷调查（醒来后至首次吸烟的时间、尼古丁依赖的Fagerström测试[FTND]、尼古丁依赖综合症评分量表[NDSS]、Wisconsin吸烟依赖动机调查[WISDM]和尼古丁依赖列表[HONC]），采用生态瞬时评估量表连续3周实时记录每支烟。采用Logistic回归评价各组（DS vs. ITS; CITS vs. NITS）间烟草依赖程度，采用最小二乘回归分析ITS的烟草依赖和吸烟行为（每天平均和最大吸烟量；吸烟天数百分数；最长的戒断时间）。
结果：正如预测，DS的烟草依赖程度强于ITS：FTND、NDSS和WISDM能鉴别ITS和DS，准确性>90%。与此类似，ITS中，NITS的烟草依赖程度低于CITS。ITS中，烟草依赖与观察到的吸烟率和戒断时间相关。
结论：本研究证实，DS的烟草依赖程度强于ITS，CITS的烟草依赖程度强于NITS。重要的是，ITS有烟草依赖的表现，而且ITS中烟草依赖也存在着差异，表明烟草依赖的某些方面在不经常吸烟的吸烟者中也存在。未来有必要研究ITS是否可能进展为日间吸烟者或者戒断。
（陈欣 审校）
Nicotine Tob Res. 2012 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Tobacco Dependence Among Intermittent Smokers.
Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Dunbar MS, Scholl SM.
Source
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N. Bellefield Avenue, Suite 510, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. shiffman@pitt.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Intermittent smokers (ITS) are an increasingly prevalent segment of smokers, yet it is unknown whether or how dependence severity may vary across ITS.
METHODS: Participants were 217 ITS (70 never daily ITS [NITS], 138 converted ITS [CITS], and 9 unknown), who smoked 4-27 days per month, and 197 daily smokers (DS), recruited for a study on smoking patterns. Participants completed questionnaires on dependence (time to first cigarette after waking, Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence [FTND], Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale [NDSS], Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives [WISDM], and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist [HONC]) and recorded each cigarette in real time over 3 weeks using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Logistic regression assessed differences in dependence between groups (DS vs. ITS; CITS vs. NITS), and least squares regression examined associations between dependence and smoking behavior (mean, maximum cigarettes per day; proportion of days smoked; longest period of abstinence) within ITS.
RESULTS: As expected, DS were significantly more dependent than ITS: FTND, NDSS, and WISDM discriminated between ITS and DS with greater than 90% accuracy. Similarly, among ITS, NITS demonstrated lower dependence than CITS. Within ITS, dependence measures also correlated with observed smoking rate and duration of abstinence.
CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that DS are more dependent than ITS and that CITS are more dependent than NITS. Importantly, ITS exhibit features of dependence, and there is meaningful variation in dependence within ITS, suggesting that some aspects of dependence may appear with very infrequent smoking. Future work should examine implications for ITS’ potential progression to daily smoking and cessation outcome.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2012 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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脑部刺激法治疗烟草依赖症
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间歇性吸烟者和每日吸烟者的戒烟行为比较
