戒烟的双目标概念
2011/01/27
摘要
据估计,烟草使用是全世界过早死亡的最主要原因。尼古丁是烟草中主要的成瘾物质。吸烟后,尼古丁很快作用于其靶受体-烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs),后者广泛分布于哺乳动物的中枢神经系统,在细胞体、树突和/或神经末梢表达不同的亚型。通过nAChRs 在脑内的奖励通路,尼古丁能改变腹侧被盖区(VTA)多巴胺(DA)神经元的功能,增加DA从VTA向伏隔核(NA)的释放,导致尼古丁奖励、耐受和依赖。戒烟后,吸烟者会出现戒断症状,包括抑郁、易怒、注意力集中困难、睡眠障碍、头痛和疲劳。近期,有研究发现了尼古丁奖励、耐受和依赖的分子和细胞学机制。这些研究结果为戒烟的提供了药物学基础。
在本文中,我们对近期有关尼古丁奖励、耐受和依赖的研究进展进行综述。基于研究结果,我们提出双目标假说,认为nAChRs 和多巴胺释放过程是两个重要的戒烟靶点。nAChRs 的功能异常(拮抗或脱敏)对于消除尼古丁依赖具有重要作用,维持细胞外适当水平的多巴胺释放有助于减少尼古丁撤退症状。
因此,戒烟药物治疗应该作用于两个靶点,才能获得更好的戒烟效果。本文讨论怎样使用此双目标概念来阐述近期的戒烟治疗方法,以及开发新的戒烟候选药物。
(林江涛 审校)
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Double target concept for smoking cessation.
Wu J.
[1] Shangtou University Medical College, Shangtou, 515041, China [2] Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA.
Abstract
Tobacco use is estimated to be the largest single cause of premature death in the world. Nicotine is the major addictive substance in tobacco products. After cigarette smoking, nicotine quickly acts on its target, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are widely distributed throughout the mammalian central nervous system and are expressed as diverse subtypes on cell bodies, dendrites and/or nerve terminals. Through the nAChRs in brain reward circuits, nicotine alters dopaminergic (DA) neuronal function in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and increases dopamine release from VTA to nuclear accumbens (NA), which leads to nicotine reward, tolerance and dependence. After quitting smoking, smokers experience withdrawal symptoms, including depression, irritability, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, headache, and tiredness. Recently, evidence has been accumulated to reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms of nicotine reward, tolerance and dependence. The outcomes of these investigations provide pharmacological basis for smoking cessation. Here, I briefly summarize recent advancements of our understanding of nicotine reward, tolerance and dependence. Based on these understandings, I propose a double target hypothesis, in which nAChRs and dopamine release process are two important targets for smoking cessation. Dysfunction of nAChRs (antagonism or desensitization) is crucial to abolish nicotine dependence and the maintenance of an appropriate level of extracellular dopamine eliminates nicotine withdrawal syndromes. Therefore, the medications simultaneously act on these two targets should have the desired effect for smoking cessation. I discuss how to use this double target concept to interpret recent therapies and to develop new candidate compounds for smoking cessation.
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尼古丁受体部分激动剂在戒烟中的作用
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在患有勃起功能障碍的中国患者中的戒烟与依从性干预