本帖最后由 wjh 于 2023-12-21 10:40 编辑
病例摘要(第四部分)
总结和点评: 该患者为老年男性,平素身体健康,无特殊疾病史和暴露史。以咳嗽、咳白痰为主要表现,伴活动后气促、双腿多发皮疹,肺部听诊可闻及干鸣音、双下肺闻及爆裂音,胸部CT示双肺间质性肺炎。进一步完善相关检验检查,结果示患者自身抗体十六项、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体、抗中性粒细胞抗体、抗磷脂抗体、狼疮抗凝物等自身抗体检查结果均为阴性,肺弥散功能下降,高度怀疑患者间质性肺病,但因住院时间短未行肺组织活检及多学科会诊,未能确诊。肺功能检查示支气管舒张试验强阳性,结合临床症状和体征,具有支气管哮喘特征,予布地奈德及支气管扩张剂等治疗后症状明显缓解,哮喘诊断明确。患者有长期吸烟史,CT示双肺肺气肿并多发肺大疱形成,肺通气功能报告示轻度阻塞,但舒张后FEV1%FVC>0.7,暂未达到慢阻肺的诊断。进一步检查自然咳痰抗酸杆菌(+),考虑肺结核诊断明确,患者转至传染病医院行抗结核治疗。
间质性肺疾病的特征是间质腔内炎症或纤维化,其主要后果是气体交换受损,从而导致呼吸困难。间质性肺疾病可大致分为特发性、自身免疫相关、暴露相关(包括医源性)、伴有囊肿或气腔充盈的间质性肺疾病、结节病和孤儿病1。临床上按病因是否明确区分为已知病因(如环境暴露、药物毒性和结缔组织病(CTD)等)和未知病因(如特发性间质性肺炎(IIP))的间质性肺疾病2。诊断依赖于外科肺活检或高分辨率CT及实验室检查3。UIP影像学特征主要为双侧、外周型,并伴有与牵引性支气管扩张症和胸膜下囊性气隙簇相关的网状变化的基础分布4。IIP的诊断需要排除已知病因,如环境暴露、药物毒性或CTD。CTD 的临床表现包含间质性肺炎,也可能是首发表现或唯一表现5,6。有研究表明,许多诊断为IIP的患者具有自身免疫性一些临床特征,但不符合CTD诊断标准7-9。该患者胸部CT可见双肺蜂窝样病变及肺大泡,未发现相关环境及毒物暴露史,患者在发病期间曾出现双腿多发皮疹,首先考虑自身免疫性疾病,但患者常见自身抗体检查结果均为阴性,故初步排除自身免疫性疾病,本病例尚需要进一步检查明确。
有研究报道,慢性间质性肺病患者中肺结核患病率增加10,研究发现,肺实变而非结核病相关的空洞和结节在IP 合并结核病患者中最常见11,这与本例患者胸部CT结果相符。Park等报告,大约三分之二的结核病合并IPF患者肺结核被治愈12,因此,对与间质性肺炎合并肺结核的患者,抗结核治疗非常重要。而有研究显示13-15,肺结核易与结节病、结缔组织病相关ILD、非特异性间质性肺炎等相混淆,且曾有肺结核误诊为间质性肺疾病的相关报道16,原因在于患者的结核症状不典型,当肺结核表现为双肺弥漫性改变时,仅依据病史和影像学表现不易与间质性肺疾病进行鉴别。因此,本例患者是间质性肺病合并结核感染,还是只是单纯的肺结核,值得进一步的跟踪和随访。
本案例存在明显的气流受限可逆特征,具有哮喘特征,但FENO、外周血嗜酸粒细胞及过敏指标IgE并不高,部分肺结核感染可出现典型哮喘特征,如从一元论,本病例更可能考虑肺结核,表现为间质性肺炎,伴有哮喘特征。
本案例的另一个特点是,患者有长期吸烟史,胸部CT已经显示有双肺肺气肿并多发肺大疱形成,目前肺通气功能尚好,还未达到慢阻肺的诊断,但慢阻肺本身就是一个进展的过程。该患者抗结核治疗后的肺功能需要进行后续的随访观察。
综上所述,对于间质性肺疾病表现的患者,除了考虑常见引起间质性肺病的原因,还应考虑肺结核感染的可能,以免漏诊。而对肺结核患者的治疗,除了当下的治疗外,还应注意判断是否存在气道高反应及采取相应的治疗。
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