本帖最后由 wjh 于 2015-4-27 10:52 编辑
谢华 沈阳军区总医院全军呼吸内科 110016
哮喘由内因-遗传学的过敏体质和外因-环境因素共同作用所致。更为重要的是这些相互作用可能发生在生命早期甚至胎儿期,在孕期或生命早期可能存在环境因素影响哮喘发生的“时机窗”。多种环境因素,包括生物的和社会的因素可能对哮喘发生起重要作用,这些环境中的危险因素集中在营养、过敏原(包括吸入和食入)、污染(特别是环境中的烟草)、微生物和社会心理因素。 一级预防亦称为病因预防,是在疾病尚未发生时针对病因或危险因素采取措施,降低有害暴露的水平,增强个体对抗有害暴露的能力预防疾病的发生或至少推迟疾病的发生。一级预防是消除疾病的根本措施。目前哮喘的一级预防主要集中在预防儿童期哮喘和职业性哮喘。本文重点论及儿童期哮喘预防。
儿童期哮喘的预防
营养: 母乳喂养: 婴儿由于年龄幼小,抵抗力差易发生感染及变态反应性疾病。在婴儿喂养中,应加强母乳喂养,母乳中含有多种免疫球蛋白及各种非特异性防御物质,保护婴儿在最初出生几个月内不受感染,母乳中所含的分泌型IgA能阻止类蛋白和其它能触发变态反应的物质由婴儿肠壁侵入,因此,应尽量用母乳喂养婴儿。关于母乳喂养能否预防哮喘发生的研究结果不一,目前倾向能降低儿童喘息发生,但可能无法预防哮喘的进展,无论如何,因为母乳喂养的诸多益处,大力提倡母乳喂养。但是,有过敏性疾病的母亲,要注意饮食,因为许多食物可以通过乳汁影响婴儿【1-4】。
维生素D
维生素D(vitamin D )属脂溶性维生素。种类很多,以维生素D2和维生素D3较为重要。维生素D来自食物和阳光。荟萃分析62项研究(其中队列研究21项,病例对照研究15项和横截面研究26项),提示孕期进食富含维生素D和E的食物,可以降低儿童喘息的发生【5】。血清维生素D降低可能与儿童期哮喘发生有关【6】,在支气管哮喘的治疗过程中,补充VitD可减少哮喘发作,缩短喘息持续时间【7】。
延迟添加固体食物
从1990年开始,很多国家建议过敏性疾病高危儿童要延迟添加固体食物以预防儿童过敏性疾病。在婴幼儿期间,牛奶、鸡蛋、大豆、有壳海鲜等是婴儿最主要的食物致敏原。但近年有研究结果提示延迟添加固体食物不能预防哮喘的发生【8-9】,固体食物添加的时机与6岁时湿疹、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎以及食物和吸入物致敏作用之间的关系:来自LISA前瞻性出生队列研究的结果提示延迟添加固体食物对于食物过敏保护作用的可能性似乎不大【10】。解决这个矛盾可能需要进行更多对照、前瞻性研究。
益生菌
国内有学者检索从建库至2011年8月关于益生菌预防或治疗哮喘患者的随机对照试验(RCT)研究。结果共纳入益生菌预防哮喘的RCT 11个(n=3 656),益生菌治疗哮喘的RCT 5个(n=430)。预防性研究Meta分析结果显示,与安慰剂比较,益生菌在预防哮喘和喘息发生方面,差异无统计学意义。治疗性研究Meta分析结果显示,与安慰剂比较,益生菌能延长哮喘无症状持续时间。所有的RCT均无严重不良事件报道。结论:现有证据尚不足以支持益生菌对哮喘的发生有预防作用,但益生菌治疗可能延长儿童哮喘无症状持续时间,在一定程度可能具有改善肺功能的作用,但不能减少哮喘的急性发作,且亦未在改善免疫功能方面显示优势【11】。国外2013年BMJ的荟萃分析提示:随机对照试验至今还没有取得足够的证据,建议益生菌对哮喘一级预防【12】。
过敏原
2015年英国国家健康与护理研究所发布的诊断哮喘的指南草案(NICE)更新了一个持续存在于哮喘指南中的缺陷:认为过敏原检测是微不足道的作用[13]。哮喘可由接触变应原触发或引起,致敏反应与变应原、数量、暴露时间、年龄、遗传及环境等多种因素的相互作用有关。我国儿童和成人哮喘过敏原最常见的是螨虫【14-16】,而且螨虫特异性免疫治疗2年后,哮喘患者阳性过敏原种类计数、过敏原皮试指数及肺功能等均有显著改善,并能够维持较好的疗效【17】。目前城市居民恶化的家居环境可导致多种与过敏性哮喘相关的室内致敏原存在,使支气管哮喘易于发作。因此避免抗原接触是哮喘治疗的关键。 目前过敏原检测存在最大的问题是诊断的准确性。过敏原检测的结果应与患者的病史和临床症状相一致。哮喘患者进行过敏原检测,不仅需要常识,而且需要科学证据来支持。研究较多的是螨虫,螨虫暴露与哮喘发生相关得到公认【18-20】,而且螨虫定值和传播与服装不同面料有所差别【21】。但动物过敏原情况复杂,有研究宠物过敏原导致哮喘和喘息风险增加【22-25】,也有研究提示宠物可以降低过敏风险【26】。一项欧洲22000名儿童参与的11个前瞻性队列研究数据汇总分析显示生命早期接触宠物,并没有增加或减少6-10岁儿童哮喘或过敏性鼻炎风险【27】。出生队列研究能够提供一些证据,一项随机对照研究显示婴儿期避免过敏原暴露可以预防童年哮喘和过敏症发生【28】,多种途径干预优于单一抗原避免【29】,在生命的第1年多方面干预可以预防哮喘高危儿童在2岁发病【30-31】,减少哮喘高危儿童7岁时的发病率【32】,预防作用可以持续到成年【33】。
药物 孕期应用抗生素可能与哮喘发生有关【34-35】,但也有不支持的报道【36】,镇痛剂中对乙酰氨基酚可能与成人和儿童哮喘相关【37】,而且孕妇口服对乙酰氨基酚可导致后代哮喘增加【38】。
污染 分为室内和室外污染,前者主要为烟雾。孕妇吸烟是产前烟草暴露最常见和直接的途径,产前烟草暴露对年幼儿影响大,而产后烟草暴露对年长儿影响大【39-40】。室外空气污染物主要有二氧化硫、酸性气溶胶、氮氧化物、臭氧、甲醛和生物污染物等。研究发现学校或生活在高交通密度的道路旁边,接触到高水平的汽车空气污染物,可增加儿童哮喘和喘息的患病率【41】。进一步研究发现,长期暴露于交通相关的空气污染物喘息风险增加与胎儿期和婴儿期的烟草烟雾暴露密切相关。因为生命早期烟草暴露,可能导致肺部的空气污染的脆弱性【42】。 微生物的影响 “卫生假说”指过敏性疾病发病率之增加,源于幼年时感染率的降低【43】,也即早期生活暴露于病毒和微生物可减少哮喘和过敏性疾病发生,荟萃分析发现手术分娩因为减少了肠道细菌定值而增加了20%的随后哮喘发生率【44】。实际上哮喘易感性和过敏性疾病是复杂的,涉及到遗传变异和环境风险(细菌、病毒、吸烟和宠物)相互作用【45】。这也解释了无数的动物实验研究表明:寄生虫感染可以改善过敏性疾病,但在人类临床试验并没有显示出效益【46】。拉丁美洲的一项 1127参与的研究显示:母亲文化程度较高、生活环境较优越和较少感染儿童特应性而非哮喘增加,解释了卫生假说在美国拉丁美洲的新证据【47】。
社会心理因素
社会心理因素与哮喘发生发展有一定关系,母亲如果从孩子出生到学前压力持续高压力会增加孩子哮喘的发生率【48】。
小结:关于儿童哮喘一级预防的建议
基于现有研究,对于5岁以下儿童哮喘的一级预防包括: 孕期和生命早期避免烟草暴露 提倡自然分娩 母乳喂养(不仅仅因为预防哮喘发生) 1岁以内慎用广谱抗生素 另外任何年龄的过敏性哮喘均要避免过敏原。
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